PMC

A Cord 5-methoxytryptophol distribution in neurotypical and ASD children. B Cord 5-methoxytryptophol distribution in neurotypical and ADHD children. C Cord tryptophan distribution in neurotypical and ASD children. D Cord tryptophan distribution in neurotypical and ADHD children. E Cord 5-hydroxytryptophol distribution in neurotypical and ASD children. F Cord 5-hydroxytryptophol distribution in neurotypical and ADHD children. G Cord N-acetyltryptophan distribution in neurotypical and ASD children. H Cord N-acetyltryptophan distribution in neurotypical and ADHD children. I Cord serotonin distribution in neurotypical and ASD children. J Cord serotonin distribution in neurotypical and ADHD children. ASD autism spectrum disorder, ADHD attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

(A) Gray scale of uninjured spinal cord. (B) CDFI of uninjured spinal cord. (C) Contusive spinal cord instantly on gray-scale sonography. (D) Increasing size of contusive spinal cord on gray-scale sonography. (E) CDFI of injured spinal cord. Yellow arrows indicated dilated vessels. (F) CEUS showed the contusive lesion was non-perfusion. The white triangle indicated dura mater of spinal cord; The white caret indicated cerebral aqueduct. The white arrow indicated contusive lesion.

Axonal regeneration by PNG + aFGF treatment. A, Representative confocal images of 5-HT immunostaining in the PNG + aFGF group showing several regenerated 5-HT fibers (red) growing into the caudal end of the spinal cord. The caudal spinal cord interface is demarcated by a white line. Scale bar, 200 μm. B, C, Higher-magnification images from A show identified 5-HT fibers (red, arrow) at different locations within the caudal end of the spinal cord. Scale bar, 40 μm. D, In the Tx-only group, 5-HT fibers (red) can be identified in the rostral cord (identified by GFAP, green) but not entering the lesion cavity. The rostral spinal cord interface is demarcated by a white line. Scale bar, 500 μm. * indicates the cavity formation in the rostral cord. E, Higher-magnification images from D show identified 5-HT fibers (red, arrow) at different locations within the rostral end of the spinal cord. Scale bar, 200 μm. F, Representative confocal images of TH immunostaining in the PNG + aFGF group showing several regenerated TH fibers (red) growing into the caudal end of the spinal cord. The caudal spinal cord interface is demarcated by a white line. Scale bar, 200 μm. G, H, Higher-magnification images from F show identified TH fibers (red, arrow) at different locations within the caudal end of the spinal cord. Scale bar, 40 μm. I, In the Tx-only group, TH fibers (red) can be identified at the rostral cord (identified by GFAP, green) but not entering the lesion cavity. The rostral spinal cord interface is demarcated by a white line. Scale bar, 500 μm. * indicates cavity formation in the rostral cord. J, Higher-magnification images from I show identified TH fibers (red, arrow) at different locations within the rostral end of the spinal cord. Scale bar, 200 μm.

A. The typical axon trajectory of dorsal commissural neurons in the spinal cord. RP: roof plate; FP: floor plate; r: rostral; c: caudal. B. Dorsal view of the commissural axon trajectory. C-G. Schematic illustration of the procedure: C. Diagram of an E11.5 embryo. The spinal cord (SC) from cervical to lumbar levels is used for explant culture. D. Cutting the spinal cord at the RP. E. Cutting lines to prepare FP-lacking dorsal spinal cord [dSC (-FP)] and FP-containing spinal cord [SC (+FP)] explants. F. Spreading and nailing of spinal cord explants onto the black NC filter. d: dorsal; v: ventral. G. Mounting and culturing of spinal cord explants on the Matrigel-coated coverslip. H. Sharpened tungsten needle used in cutting the explants. I. Matrigel (MG) coating of a coverslip (left) and ConA coating of a NC filter (right). J. Strips of the ConA-coated NC filter. K. An example of peeling off the meninges from the spinal cord. i: Cutting the spinal cord at the RP to prepare an open-book preparation. ii: Peeling off the meninges from the open-book spinal cord in the rostral-to-caudal direction. iii: The meninges are now completely removed. iv: The spinal cord is ready for cutting out dSC (-FP) and SC (+FP) explants. L. An example of spreading and nailing of an explant with forceps onto the NC filter (i). The spinal cord explant fixed on the filter is ready for mounting (ii). M. Setting up and mounting two explants on the coverslip with two metal weights.